旱地周年覆膜条件下冬小麦的光合特性

在周年覆膜条件下,以陇鉴339为材料,研究了周年地膜覆盖后冬小麦的光合速率(P n)变化,以了解周年覆膜对冬小麦光合作用的影响。结果表明,周年覆膜秋播冬小麦较露地冬小麦光合速率、叶片水分利用效率显著提高。冬小麦旗叶P n日变化呈现“单峰型”,覆膜的高峰值较露地增加3.917μm olCO2.m-2.-s 1,提高17.74%,且持续时间延长,整个P n日变化中覆膜较露地平均提高11.62%。各生育阶段覆膜冬小麦的P n始终维持在较高水平上。增施氮肥、提高氮磷比有利于提高冬小麦P n。     

The mode of operation of a regulating reservoir for effective use of river flow

In the absence of a reservoir on the downstream side, a river flow that increases temporarily by rainfall cannot be stored and discharged apart from requirements in a command area. This unused water (excess water) occurs to some extent even in a drought year and making effective use of this supply is considered as one of the countermeasures for water shortage. Setting up a regulating reservoir on the upstream side of head works is regarded as one of the methods for making effective use of excess water. The inflow to the river and water delivery loss occurred from rainfall are stored in the regulating reservoir and supplied to the command area on the downstream side as agricultural water. An operational method for the regulating reservoir to effectively utilize the excess water was examined for a canal system by simulation. In an investigated area, there was excess water even in drought years, and making use of it through the regulating reservoir whose capacity is smaller compared to that of a dam can become one of the countermeasures for the drought period. The simulation in this study could estimate quantitatively the effect of the regulating reservoir to make the excess water effective.     

基于APSIM模型的陇中旱地春小麦产量对播期、施氮和降水量变化的响应模拟

为探讨播期调控和水氮优化对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）产量的耦合效应,在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡乡田间试验调试参数的基础上,基于APSIM平台设置播期和水氮耦合情景［播期设早播(3月3日)、正常播(3月18日)和晚播(每年3月31日),分别用ESW、NSW和LSW表示;降水设以当年自然降水为基础减少20%、减少10%、不变、增加10%和增加20%等5个梯度,分别用W1~W5表示;施氮量设0、 52.5、105、157.5和210 kg·hm^-25个梯度,分别用N1～N5表示］,对2000-2018年不同处理的春小麦产量进行了模拟,定量分析了不同降水年型下最佳播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明,基于APSIM-wheat模型,春小麦不同播期模拟产量的归一化均方根误差在5%以内,模型的有效性指数均大于0.5,说明此模型在研究区具有较好的拟合度和适宜性。经回归分析,限制小麦产量因素的影响程度表现为降水量>施氮量>播期。从不同耦合方案的产量及产量年际变率看,该地区春小麦在干旱年,晚播W5N3（降水量增加20%施氮量为105 kg·hm^-2）处理下可获得最优产量3 803.77 kg·hm^-2;平水年,正常播W4N3（降水量增加10%施氮量为105 kg·hm^-2）处理下可获得最优产量4 390.93 kg·hm^-2;湿润年时,晚播W5N4（降水量增加20%施氮量为157.5 kg·hm^-2）处理可获得最优产量4 657.88 kg·hm^-2。     

辽宁冰砬山森林小流域水文因子特征

以辽宁冰砬山地区落叶松人工林、天然次生林综合流域森林为研究对象,采取林分、坡面径流场、集水区测流堰水文因子测定的方法,对综合小流域森林降水截留、坡面径流、区域径流输出等方面进行了研究。结果表明:辽宁冰砬山落叶松人工林和天然次生林冠层能有效的截留大气降水,其截留率分别为24.8%和16.6%;以Kostiakov方程对两种林地土壤入渗速率的模拟较好,模拟方程分别为iL=6.652t-0.179(R2=0.97)和iC=21.147t-0.162(R2=0.93);森林对大气降水的滞留时间随大气降水量和降水强度的增加而减少,但是小流域径流峰值出现的时间却是随着降水量的增加而延长,森林能够有效延缓和降低流域径流峰值出现的时间和高峰流量。     

森林资源规划设计调查改为年度森林资源监测规划设计调查的探讨

文章叙述了把调查间隔期十年1次的森林资源规划设计调查,改为年度森林资源监测规划设计调查的原因及可行性。     

吉林省农村人力资本存量以及投资效率研究

采用教育年限法估计了1993 ～2012年吉林省农村人力资本存量,利用DEA模型计算了其投资效率,并与发达和不发达省份进行了比对.结果表明,吉林省农村人力资本存量逐年递增,但年均增长率为其余各省的一半,增长率较小;吉林省农村人力资本投资效率较为一般,保持农村人力资本投资效率规模报酬递增,并无投入冗余现象,投入结构较为合理;但是综合效率为0.636,属于DEA无效单元,全要素生产率指数呈不断上升趋势,技术效率和规模效率指数都为1.基于此,从调整投资结构、合理配置教育资源、医疗资源,转变政府职能和培育农村市场等方面提出政策建议.     

厂商低碳产品管理决策行为分析

在发展低碳经济的时代背景下,企业将面临低碳产品的管制,为符合低碳产品标准,企业将增加低碳产品的投资,对其生产工艺、技术或产品性能进行改造,势必增加企业经营成本,冲击产业发展.本文主要建立一个代表性厂商面临碳管制时低碳产品管理决策模型,期望通过厂商行为分析,掌握影响厂商低碳产品管理决策行为的关键因子,提供政府管理与厂商经营策略的参考意见.     

Estimating required habitat size for fish conservation in streams

• 1. A procedure is described to estimate viable population size and the area of habitat needed to support an endangered stream fish population. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate population fates with stochastic demography and random variation simulated to cause age class 0 failures in some years. Viable population was defined in this paper to be large enough to have less than a 10% chance of extinction in 100 years and to have a long‐term effective size of at least 500 breeding adults, although the method could be applied for any assumed extinction rate and effective size.
• 2. Using data for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) in an age class model, it was inferred from simulations that minimum viable population size was 2750 fish, which would require 2.2 ha of habitat at median density of the subspecies in New Mexico streams.
• 3. Minimum viable population size occurred at the highest survival rate of young of year and no population‐wide year class failures. Viable population size, and hence required habitat size, increased as the failure rate for age class 0 increased or when the survival rate from age 0 to 1 declined. This suggested that managers should avoid managing for smallest possible viable population size and instead plan for much larger population sizes to accommodate temporal variation in demography and habitat quality.
• 4. Decreased survival rate of young of year caused the stable age class distribution to be skewed toward the age class 0, which profoundly reduced effective population size. This suggested that habitat restoration that improves survival of young of year would be a good strategy to increase effective size over the long term.
• 5. Estimating required habitat size could improve introductions of fish to create new populations. Although requiring time‐consuming simulations, the procedure can be used to estimate required habitat size for any species for which population and demographic data are available.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Locations of early fishing grounds of saury in the northwestern Pacific

In the north-western Pacific, we found that locations of early fishing grounds of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, are affected by two factors, the size composition and the meridional shift of the offshore Oyashio Front (OOF). Early fishing grounds are formed nearshore from the central Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in northward OOF years. In southward OOF years, they are far from the coasts. There also exists a tendency that early fishing grounds are formed south-westward (north-eastward) in years when a large (medium or small) size class of saury is dominant and when the OOF shifts north (south). These results support the hypothesis that saury migration is considerably influenced by oceanographic conditions, and that a large size class of saury leads to migration that can reach the vicinity of Japan early in the fishing season.     

Seabed habitat mapping in the Kent Group of islands and its role in Marine protected area planning

• 1. Mapping of seabed habitats is increasingly being used to identify the distribution and structure of marine ecosystems and as surrogate measures of biodiversity for marine protected area (MPA) planning. In this study, the distribution of seabed habitats to the 3 nmi limit around the Kent Group of islands, south‐eastern Australia were mapped using video ground‐truthed single‐beam acoustics at the mesoscale level (10 m to 1 km) as part of an MPA planning process.
• 2. Six distinct seabed habitat types (continuous reef, patchy reef, sand, hard sand, sparse sponge, and seagrass) were identified based primarily on visual differences in the first and second echo and a further four (low, medium and high profile reef, and sand hills) on variations in seabed profile identified in the echogram. Extensive acoustic and video transects allowed an estimate of the broad‐scale spatial distribution of seabed habitats defined at several hierarchical levels and provided information on the cover of the dominant benthic species or assemblages.
• 3. The island group supports a range of consolidated habitats, including rocky reefs of varying profile dominated by the macroalgae Phyllospora comosa and Ecklonia radiata in depths down to around 45 m, adjacent to deeper sponge‐dominated reefs containing encrusting, erect and branching forms. Unconsolidated habitats occurred broadly through the island group, with the offshore region dominated by hard sand (sand with scallop shells and/or shell grit) and sparse sponge‐habitats (sand interspersed with low cover of sponge‐dominated assemblages). The sheltered coves were dominated by sand and seagrass habitats consisting of beds of the seagrasses Halophila australis, Zostera tasmanica and Posidonia australis, with variations in species composition, patchiness and percentage cover evident within and between coves.
• 4. In February 2004 the Kent Group MPA was announced, covering all waters out to the 3 nmi limit containing two areas defined as a Sanctuary Zone (‘no take’) and a Habitat Protection Zone (‘restricted take’). Overall, seabed habitat mapping generated a capability to define the boundary and size of potential MPA zones within the Kent Group of islands and was an essential component of the planning process to improve the likelihood that the MPA was comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR).
• 5. The need to define habitats at multiple scales within a hierarchical classification scheme that are meaningful in terms of biodiversity and CAR principles and identifiable using mapping techniques is discussed.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.